The effects of water's polarity:
1. hydrogen bonding, water to water or cohesion

• surface tension
• suck water through a straw or up a tree
• water resists temperature change (Specific Heat) kinetic energy, heat, temperature, calorie
• ice floats
• evaporates and cools (sweat)
• condenses and heats (fog, thunder storm/hurricane)

2. hydrogen bonding, water to other polar (hydrophilic) molecules or adhesion

• "wick" effect
• solvent of life: solvent, solute, solution

Kinetic eneergy: random motion of atoms and molecules in a liquid or gas, is measured as temperature.

• liquid water has enough kinetic energy that water moleclues are constantly forming and breaking hydrogen bonds.
• frozen water has lost enough kinetic energy that water molecules can no longer break hydrogen bonds to adjacent water molecules.

pH: the dissociation of water molecules and the pH scale

• acid (hydrogen ion)
• base (hydroxide ion)
• buffer
• equilibrium